OPS Notes By 枯木

30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases[译]

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本文为 原文地址 翻译而来，有些地方稍作改动。

一个别名就是一个命令的快捷方式，alias命令允许用户通过输入一个词启动任何命令或一组命令(包括选项和文件名)。通过alias命令可以显示所有已定义的别名列表。你可以在~ /.bashrc文件中自定义用户的别名。通过这些别名可以减少打字时间，更灵活的操作，提升工作效率。

Task：列出系统别名列表

输入以下命令：

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alias

输出实例:

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alias cp='cp -i'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
...

默认alias命令不添加任何选项输出当前用户定义的别名。

Task：定义/创建一个别名(bash语法)

创建别名使用如下语法：

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alias name=value
alias name='command'
alias name='command arg1 arg2'
alias name='/path/to/script'
alias name='/path/to/script.pl arg1'

在以下的实例中，创建一个clear清屏命令的别名c，输入如下命令：

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alias c=clear

输入以上命令之后，如果需要清屏，只需直接输入简单的c来代替clear命令即可实现

Task：暂时禁用别名

显示别名cp

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$ alias cp
alias cp='cp -i'

cp命令是cp -i的别名，-i选项一定程度上能起到保护作用，但是当我们只想使用原始的cp命令的时候，我们肯定不能简单的输入cp命令，这里有两种方式实现

  • 使用全名
  • 或者使用\+命令
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$ ls a b
a  b
$ cp b a      #使用别名之后的cp在覆盖文件时会提示
cp: overwrite `a'? y
$ /bin/cp b a #使用全称不会有提示
$ \cp b a     #使用\cp不会有提示

移除alias (bash语法)

你需要使用unalias命令移除别名，语法如下：

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unalias aliasname

例如，移除之前clear的别名c：

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unalias c

如果你在~/bashrc文件中定义了别名，也需要从该文件中移除对应所在行。

Task：定义永久别名

alias c只能在当前会话中生效。当你重启或者退出当前会话的时候，就失效了。为了避免这种问题，田间别名到你的~/.bashrc配置文件中，输入:

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vi ~/.bashrc

通过添加如下内容，对于当前用户别名c永久生效：

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alias c='clear'

保存并退出这个文件，全局别名可以存放在/etc/bashrc文件中，请注意这个别名命令建立在各种shell中，包括ksh、csh、bash等等

一个关于权限访问的小贴士

你可以添加如下代码到~/.bashrc：

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# if user is not root, pass all commands via sudo #
if [ $UID -ne 0 ]; then
    alias reboot='sudo reboot'
    alias update='sudo yum update'
fi

按照操作系统添加别名的小贴士

你可以添加如下代码到~/.bashrc case语句：

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### Get os name via uname ###
_myos="$(uname)"

### add alias as per os using $_myos ###
case $_myos in
   Linux) alias foo='/path/to/linux/bin/foo';;
   FreeBSD|OpenBSD) alias foo='/path/to/bsd/bin/foo' ;;
   SunOS) alias foo='/path/to/sunos/bin/foo' ;;
   *) ;;
esac

30个有用的别名

你可以定义不同类型的别名来节约时间和提升效率。

#1: 控制ls命令输出

给ls命令的输出来电颜色看看

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## Colorize the ls output ##
alias ls='ls --color=auto'

## Use a long listing format ##
alias ll='ls -la'

## Show hidden files ##
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'

#2: 调整cd命令习惯

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## get rid of command not found ##
alias cd..='cd ..'

## a quick way to get out of current directory ##
alias ..='cd ..'
alias ...='cd ../../../'
alias ....='cd ../../../../'
alias .....='cd ../../../../'
alias .4='cd ../../../../'
alias .5='cd ../../../../..'

#3：控制grep命令输出

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## Colorize the grep command output for ease of use (good for log files)##
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'

#4：开启计算器小数点计算

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alias bc='bc -l'

#5：生成sha1摘要

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alias sha1='openssl sha1'

#6、根据需要创建父目录

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alias mkdir='mkdir -pv'

#7：有颜色的diff输出

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# install  colordiff package :) 前提需要安装colordiff包
alias diff='colordiff'

#8：使mount命令输出格式更漂亮以及可读性更高

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alias mount='mount |column -t'

#9：短命令节省时间

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# handy short cuts #
alias h='history'
alias j='jobs -l'

#10：创建一些新的命令

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alias path='echo -e ${PATH//:/\\n}'
alias now='date +"%T'
alias nowtime=now
alias nowdate='date +"%d-%m-%Y"'

#11：设置默认的vim

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alias vi=vim
alias svi='sudo vi'
alias vis='vim "+set si"'
alias edit='vim'

#12：ping的相关设置

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# Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets #
alias ping='ping -c 5'
# Do not wait interval 1 second, go fast #
alias fastping='ping -c 100 -s.2'

#13：显示打开的端口

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alias ports='netstat -tulanp'

#14：唤醒沉睡的服务

Wake-on-LAN(WOL)是一个以太网网络标准,允许通过一个网络信息打开服务。您可以使用以下的别名快速唤醒NAS设备和服务器Devices Using Linux or Unix Computer:

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## replace mac with your actual server mac address #
alias wakeupnas01='/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FC'
alias wakeupnas02='/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FD'
alias wakeupnas03='/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FE'

#15：控制防火墙(iptables)输出

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## shortcut  for iptables and pass it via sudo#
alias ipt='sudo /sbin/iptables'

# display all rules #
alias iptlist='sudo /sbin/iptables -L -n -v --line-numbers'
alias iptlistin='sudo /sbin/iptables -L INPUT -n -v --line-numbers'
alias iptlistout='sudo /sbin/iptables -L OUTPUT -n -v --line-numbers'
alias iptlistfw='sudo /sbin/iptables -L FORWARD -n -v --line-numbers'
alias firewall=iptlist

#16：通过curl调试web服务或者CDN问题

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# get web server headers #
alias header='curl -I'

# find out if remote server supports gzip / mod_deflate or not #
alias headerc='curl -I --compress'

#17：一些安全的设置

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# do not delete / or prompt if deleting more than 3 files at a time #
alias rm='rm -I --preserve-root'

# confirmation #
alias mv='mv -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias ln='ln -i'

# Parenting changing perms on / #
alias chown='chown --preserve-root'
alias chmod='chmod --preserve-root'
alias chgrp='chgrp --preserve-root'

#18：升级RHEL/CentOS/Fedora Linux 服务

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## distrp specifc RHEL/CentOS ##
alias update='yum update'
alias updatey='yum -y update'

#19：调节sudo和su

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# become root #
alias root='sudo -i'
alias su='sudo -i'

#20：通过sudo关机或重启

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# reboot / halt / poweroff
alias reboot='sudo /sbin/reboot'
alias poweroff='sudo /sbin/poweroff'
alias halt='sudo /sbin/halt'
alias shutdown='sudo /sbin/shutdown'

#21：控制web服务

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# also pass it via sudo so whoever is admin can reload it without calling you #
alias nginxreload='sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload'
alias nginxtest='sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t'
alias lightyload='sudo /etc/init.d/lighttpd reload'
alias lightytest='sudo /usr/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf -t'
alias httpdreload='sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -k graceful'
alias httpdtest='sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -t && /usr/sbin/apachectl -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS'

#22：给备份做别名

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# if cron fails or if you want backup on demand just run these commands # 
# again pass it via sudo so whoever is in admin group can start the job #
# Backup scripts #
alias backup='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type local --taget /raid1/backups'
alias nasbackup='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type nas --target nas01'
alias s3backup='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.backup.sh --type nas --target nas01 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/amazon.keys'
alias rsnapshothourly='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
alias rsnapshotdaily='sudo  /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys  --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
alias rsnapshotweekly='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys  --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
alias rsnapshotmonthly='sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnapshot.sh --type remote --target nas03 --auth /home/scripts/admin/.authdata/ssh.keys  --config /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/config/adsl.conf'
alias amazonbackup=s3backup

#23：系统管理员设置端口相关的命令

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## All of our servers eth1 is connected to the Internets via vlan / router etc  ##
alias dnstop='dnstop -l 5  eth1'
alias vnstat='vnstat -i eth1'
alias iftop='iftop -i eth1'
alias tcpdump='tcpdump -i eth1'
alias ethtool='ethtool eth1'

# work on wlan0 by default #
# Only useful for laptop as all servers are without wireless interface
alias iwconfig='iwconfig wlan0'

#24：快速获取系统内存、cpu使用以及gpu内存信息

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## pass options to free ## 
alias meminfo='free -m -l -t'

## get top process eating memory
alias psmem='ps auxf | sort -nr -k 4'
alias psmem10='ps auxf | sort -nr -k 4 | head -10'

## get top process eating cpu ##
alias pscpu='ps auxf | sort -nr -k 3'
alias pscpu10='ps auxf | sort -nr -k 3 | head -10'

## Get server cpu info ##
alias cpuinfo='lscpu'

## older system use /proc/cpuinfo ##
##alias cpuinfo='less /proc/cpuinfo' ##

## get GPU ram on desktop / laptop## 
alias gpumeminfo='grep -i --color memory /var/log/Xorg.0.log'

#25：控制家庭路由器

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# Reboot my home Linksys WAG160N / WAG54 / WAG320 / WAG120N Router / Gateway from *nix.
alias rebootlinksys="curl -u 'admin:my-super-password' 'http://192.168.1.2/setup.cgi?todo=reboot'"

# Reboot tomato based Asus NT16 wireless bridge 
alias reboottomato="ssh admin@192.168.1.1 /sbin/reboot"

#26：wget续传

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## this one saved by butt so many times ##
alias wget='wget -c'

#27：使用不同的浏览器测试网页

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## this one saved by butt so many times ##
alias ff4='/opt/firefox4/firefox'
alias ff13='/opt/firefox13/firefox'
alias chrome='/opt/google/chrome/chrome'
alias opera='/opt/opera/opera'

#default ff 
alias ff=ff13

#my default browser 
alias browser=chrome

#28：ssh小贴士

不创建别名，通过使用OpenSSH配置文件~/.ssh/config配置，它提供了很多选项，如：

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Host server10
  Hostname 1.2.3.4
  IdentityFile ~/backups/.ssh/id_dsa
  user foobar
  Port 30000
  ForwardX11Trusted yes
  TCPKeepAlive yes

现在可以通过如下命令连接

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$ ssh server10

#29：现在轮到你分享了

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## set some other defaults ##
alias df='df -H'
alias du='du -ch'

# top is atop, just like vi is vim
alias top='atop'

## nfsrestart  - must be root  ##
## refresh nfs mount / cache etc for Apache ##
alias nfsrestart='sync && sleep 2 && /etc/init.d/httpd stop && umount netapp2:/exports/http && sleep 2 && mount -o rw,sync,rsize=32768,wsize=32768,intr,hard,proto=tcp,fsc natapp2:/exports /http/var/www/html &&  /etc/init.d/httpd start'

## Memcached server status  ##
alias mcdstats='/usr/bin/memcached-tool 10.10.27.11:11211 stats'
alias mcdshow='/usr/bin/memcached-tool 10.10.27.11:11211 display'

## quickly flush out memcached server ##
alias flushmcd='echo "flush_all" | nc 10.10.27.11 11211'

## Remove assets quickly from Akamai / Amazon cdn ##
alias cdndel='/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile akamai'
alias amzcdndel='/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile amazon'

## supply list of urls via file or stdin
alias cdnmdel='/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile akamai --stdin'
alias amzcdnmdel='/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile amazon --stdin'

#30：The End Is the Beginning

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